Summary of Part D

Part D focused on how to report small-sample findings clearly and responsibly. These chapters emphasised effect sizes and confidence intervals over isolated p-values, careful interpretation of non-significant results, transparent reporting of methods and limitations, and figures and tables that display uncertainty rather than hiding it.

The shared principle is that reporting is part of the analysis, not a cosmetic final step. With small samples, readers need clear descriptions of the design, the analytic choices, the uncertainty and the limits of the evidence in order to judge what the study actually shows. A well-reported small study does not overstate its findings. It makes the available information interpretable.